Samar da mai a wuraren mai
Ta yaya layukan sarrafawa ke aiki a rijiyoyi?
Layukan sarrafawa suna ba da damar watsa sigina, ba da izinin siyan bayanan downhole, da ikon sarrafawa da kunna kayan aikin ƙasa.
Ana iya aika umarni da sigina na sarrafawa daga wuri a saman zuwa kayan aiki na ƙasa a cikin rijiyar.Ana iya aika bayanai daga na'urori masu auna firikwensin ƙasa zuwa tsarin saman don kimantawa ko amfani da su a wasu ayyukan rijiyar.
Downhole aminci bawul (DHSVs) na saman-surface aminci bawul (SCSSV) da ake sarrafa da ruwa daga wani iko panel a saman.Lokacin da aka yi amfani da matsa lamba na hydraulic ƙasa layin sarrafawa, matsa lamba yana tilasta hannun riga a cikin bawul don zamewa ƙasa, buɗe bawul ɗin.Lokacin da aka saki matsa lamba na hydraulic, bawul ɗin yana rufewa.
Meilong Tube's downhole hydraulic layukan ana amfani da su da farko azaman hanyoyin sadarwa don na'urorin saukar da ruwa mai sarrafa ruwa a cikin rijiyoyin mai, gas, da allurar ruwa, inda ake buƙatar dorewa da juriya ga matsanancin yanayi.Ana iya daidaita waɗannan layukan na al'ada don aikace-aikace iri-iri da abubuwan haɗin ƙasa.
Duk kayan da aka lulluɓe suna da ƙarfi na ruwa kuma sun dace da duk ruwan da aka gama da kyau, gami da iskar gas mai ƙarfi.Zaɓin zaɓin kayan yana dogara ne akan ma'auni daban-daban, ciki har da zafin jiki na ƙasa, taurin, ƙarfi da ƙarfin hawaye, shayar ruwa da iskar gas, oxidation, da abrasion da juriya na sinadarai.
Layukan sarrafawa sun sami ci gaba mai yawa, gami da gwajin murkushewa da babban simintin rijiyar autoclave.Gwaje-gwajen murkushe dakin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna ƙarar lodin da tubing ɗin da aka rufe zai iya kiyaye amincin aiki, musamman inda ake amfani da “wayoyin daɗaɗɗa” wayoyi.
Ina ake amfani da layukan sarrafawa?
★ Rijiyoyin hankali da ke buƙatar aiki da fa'idodin sarrafa tafki na na'urori masu sarrafa kwararar nisa saboda farashi ko kasada na sa baki ko rashin iya tallafawa kayan aikin saman da ake buƙata a wuri mai nisa.
★ Kasa, dandamali, ko muhallin teku.
Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙasar Ƙasa
Nau'in Shuka
Akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire na geothermal iri uku da ake amfani da su don samar da wutar lantarki.An ƙayyade nau'in shuka da farko ta yanayin albarkatun ƙasa a wurin.
Ana amfani da shukar da ake kira kai tsaye ta hanyar tururi lokacin da albarkatun ƙasa ke samar da tururi kai tsaye daga rijiyar.A tururi, bayan wucewa ta separators (wanda ke cire kananan yashi da dutse barbashi) aka ciyar da turbine.Waɗannan su ne nau'ikan tsire-tsire na farko da aka haɓaka a Italiya da Amurka Abin baƙin ciki, albarkatun tururi sune mafi ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa kuma suna wanzu a ƴan wurare kaɗan a duniya.Babu shakka ba za a yi amfani da tsire-tsire na tururi ga albarkatun ƙananan zafin jiki ba.
Ana amfani da shuke-shuken tururi mai walƙiya a lokuta inda albarkatun ƙasa ke samar da ruwan zafi mai zafi ko haɗin tururi da ruwan zafi.Ana isar da ruwan rijiyar zuwa tanki mai walƙiya inda wani yanki na ruwan ke walƙiya zuwa tururi kuma an tura shi zuwa injin injin.Ruwan da ya rage an umurce shi don zubar (yawanci allura).Dangane da yanayin zafi na albarkatun yana iya yiwuwa a yi amfani da matakai biyu na tankunan walƙiya.A wannan yanayin, ruwan da aka raba a matakin farko na tanki yana kai tsaye zuwa tanki mai walƙiya mataki na biyu inda ƙari (amma ƙananan matsa lamba) ya rabu.Ruwan da ya rage daga tankin mataki na biyu sannan an umurce shi don zubar.Abin da ake kira masana'antar walƙiya biyu yana ba da tururi a matsi daban-daban guda biyu zuwa injin injin injin.Bugu da ƙari, irin wannan nau'in shuka ba za a iya amfani da shi ga albarkatun ƙananan zafin jiki ba.
Nau'i na uku na tashar wutar lantarki ta geothermal ana kiransa shuka binaryar.Sunan ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa ana amfani da ruwa na biyu a cikin rufaffiyar zagayowar don sarrafa injin injin maimakon tururi na geothermal.Hoto na 1 yana gabatar da ƙayyadaddun zane na nau'in nau'in geothermal na binaryar.Ruwan Geothermal yana wucewa ta hanyar na'urar musayar zafi da ake kira boiler ko vaporizer (a wasu tsire-tsire, masu musayar zafi guda biyu a jere na farko na farko da na biyu a vaporizer) inda zafin da ke cikin ruwan geothermal ya juye zuwa ruwan aiki yana haifar da tafasa. .Ruwa masu aiki da suka gabata a cikin tsire-tsire masu ƙarancin zafin jiki sune CFC (nau'in Freon) firiji.Injinan na yanzu suna amfani da hydrocarbons (isobutane, pentane da sauransu) na nau'in firigeren HFC tare da takamaiman ruwan da aka zaɓa don dacewa da yanayin yanayin albarkatun ƙasa.
Hoto 1. Binary geothermal ikon shuka
Turin ruwa mai aiki yana wucewa zuwa injin turbine inda abun cikin kuzarinsa ke canzawa zuwa makamashin injina kuma ana isar da shi, ta rafin zuwa janareta.Turin yana fita daga injin turbin zuwa na'ura inda aka mayar da shi ruwa.A yawancin tsire-tsire, ruwan sanyaya yana yaduwa tsakanin na'ura mai sanyaya da hasumiya mai sanyaya don ƙin wannan zafi zuwa yanayin.Wani madadin shine a yi amfani da abin da ake kira "bushe mai sanyaya" ko na'urorin sanyaya iska waɗanda ke ƙin zafi kai tsaye zuwa iska ba tare da buƙatar ruwan sanyaya ba.Wannan zane da gaske yana kawar da duk wani amfani da ruwa mai amfani da shuka don sanyaya.Busassun sanyaya, saboda yana aiki a yanayin zafi mafi girma (musamman a lokacin lokacin rani mai mahimmanci) fiye da hasumiya mai sanyaya yana haifar da ƙarancin ingancin shuka.Ruwan aiki mai ruwa daga na'ura yana jujjuyawa baya zuwa babban matsi na preheater/vaporizer ta famfon ciyarwa don maimaita sake zagayowar.
Zagayowar binary shine nau'in shuka wanda za'a yi amfani dashi don aikace-aikacen ƙananan zafin jiki na geothermal.A halin yanzu, kashe-da-shelf binary kayan aiki yana samuwa a cikin kayayyaki na 200 zuwa 1,000 kW.
MUSULMAI WUTA
Abubuwan Wutar Wuta
Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki daga ƙananan yanayin zafi na geothermal (ko daga tururi a cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta al'ada) ya ƙunshi injiniyoyin tsari da ake kira Rankine Cycle.A cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta al'ada, zagayowar, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a hoto na 1, ya haɗa da tukunyar jirgi, injin turbine, janareta, na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi, famfo ruwa, hasumiya mai sanyaya da famfo mai sanyaya ruwa.Ana samar da tururi a cikin tukunyar jirgi ta hanyar kona mai (kwal, mai, gas ko uranium).Ana wuce tururi zuwa injin turbine inda, yayin da yake faɗaɗa kan injin turbin, ƙarfin zafi a cikin tururi yana jujjuyawa zuwa makamashin injina yana haifar da jujjuyawar injin.Ana canja wurin wannan motsi na inji, ta hanyar shinge zuwa janareta inda aka canza shi zuwa makamashin lantarki.Bayan wucewa ta cikin injin injin tururi yana komawa zuwa ruwa mai ruwa a cikin na'urar sarrafa wutar lantarki.Ta hanyar aiwatarwa, zafi da turbine bai yi amfani da shi ba yana fitowa zuwa ruwan sanyi.Ruwan sanyaya, ana isar da shi zuwa hasumiya mai sanyaya inda aka ƙi "zafin sharar gida" daga zagayowar zuwa yanayi.Ana isar da condensate zuwa tukunyar jirgi ta famfon ciyarwa don maimaita aikin.
A taƙaice, tashar wutar lantarki shine kawai zagayowar da ke sauƙaƙe jujjuya makamashi daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani.A wannan yanayin makamashin sinadarai da ke cikin man fetur ya koma zafi (a tukunyar jirgi), sannan zuwa makamashin injina (a cikin injin turbine) sannan a karshe zuwa wutar lantarki (a cikin janareta).Kodayake abun ciki na makamashi na samfurin ƙarshe, wutar lantarki, ana bayyana shi a cikin raka'a na watts-hours ko kilowatt-hours (1000 watt-hours ko 1kW-hr), ana yin lissafin aikin shuka a cikin raka'a na BTU's.Ya dace a tuna cewa 1 kilowatt-hour shine makamashi daidai da 3413 BTU.Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai game da tashar wutar lantarki shine nawa ake buƙatar shigar da makamashi (man fetur) don samar da abin da aka ba da wutar lantarki.
Subsea Umbilicals
Babban Ayyuka
Samar da wutar lantarki zuwa tsarin sarrafa teku, kamar buɗewa/rufe bawuloli
Samar da wutar lantarki da siginar sarrafawa zuwa tsarin kula da teku
Isar da sinadarai na samarwa don allurar karkashin ruwa a bishiya ko ƙasa
Isar da iskar gas don aikin ɗaga iskar gas
Don isar da waɗannan aikin, ɗigon ruwa mai zurfi zai iya haɗawa
Chemical allura tubes
Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa bututu
Kebul na siginar sarrafa wutar lantarki
Wutar Wutar Lantarki
Siginar fiber optic
Manyan bututu don ɗaga iskar gas
Cibiyar cikin teku taro ne na hoses na ruwa wanda kuma zai iya haɗawa da igiyoyin lantarki ko filaye na gani, da ake amfani da su don sarrafa tsarin karkashin teku daga dandalin teku ko jirgin ruwa mai iyo.Yana da muhimmin sashi na tsarin samar da ruwa na karkashin teku, wanda idan ba tare da shi ba zai yuwu a samar da albarkatun mai na tattalin arziki.
Mabuɗin Abubuwan Maɓalli
Ƙungiyar Ƙarshen Cibi (TUTA)
Mazaunin Takaita Topungiyar Umbilical. (Tuta) yana samar da keɓance tsakanin mahalli da kayan aikin sarrafawa.Naúrar wani shinge ne na kyauta wanda za'a iya kullewa ko a haɗa shi a wani wuri kusa da ratayewar cibiya a cikin wani yanayi mai haɗari da aka fallasa akan saman kayan aikin saman.Wadannan raka'a yawanci ana keɓance su da buƙatun abokin ciniki tare da ra'ayi na hydraulic, pneumatic, iko, sigina, fiber optic, da zaɓin kayan.
TUTA yawanci tana haɗa akwatunan haɗin gwiwar lantarki don wutar lantarki da igiyoyin sadarwa, da kuma aikin bututu, ma'auni, da toshewa da bawul ɗin jini don abubuwan da suka dace na na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa da sinadarai.
(Subsea) Majalisar Ƙarshen Cibi (UTA)
UTA, zaune a saman kushin laka, tsarin lantarki ne mai yawa-plexed yana ba da damar yawancin na'urori masu sarrafawa na karkashin teku don haɗawa da hanyoyin sadarwa iri ɗaya, lantarki da layukan samar da ruwa.Sakamakon haka shine ana iya sarrafa rijiyoyi da yawa ta hanyar cibiya ɗaya.Daga UTA, haɗin kai zuwa rijiyoyin guda ɗaya da SCMs ana yin su tare da taron tsalle-tsalle.
Karfe Yawo Gubar (SFL)
Jagoran tashi yana ba da haɗin lantarki / na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa / sinadarai daga UTA zuwa ɗayan bishiyoyi / kwas ɗin sarrafawa.Suna daga cikin tsarin rarraba na karkashin teku wanda ke rarraba ayyukan cibi zuwa maƙasudin sabis ɗin da aka nufa.Ana shigar da su yawanci bayan umbilical kuma an haɗa su ta ROV.
Kayan Cibi
Dangane da nau'ikan aikace-aikacen, ana samun abubuwa masu zuwa:
Thermoplastic
Ribobi: Yana da arha, bayarwa da sauri, kuma yana jure gajiya
Fursunoni: Bai dace da ruwa mai zurfi ba;matsalar daidaituwar sinadarai;tsufa, da sauransu.
Zinc mai rufi Nitronic 19D duplex bakin karfe
Ribobi:
Ƙananan farashi idan aka kwatanta da super duplex bakin karfe (SDSS)
Ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da 316L
Juriya na lalata na ciki
Mai jituwa don na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa da mafi yawan sabis na allurar sinadarai
Cancanci don sabis mai ƙarfi
Fursunoni:
Ana buƙatar kariya ta lalata ta waje - tutiya mai fitar da ita
Damuwa game da amincin kabu weld a wasu masu girma dabam
Tubes sun fi daidai SDSS nauyi kuma sun fi girma - rataya da damuwa na shigarwa
Bakin Karfe 316L
Ribobi:
Maras tsada
Yana buƙatar ƙanƙan ko babu kariyar cathodic na ɗan gajeren lokaci
Ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa
Gasa tare da thermoplastic don ƙananan matsa lamba, ƙarancin ruwa mai zurfi - mai rahusa don ɗan gajeren rayuwar filin
Fursunoni:
Bai cancanci sabis mai ƙarfi ba
chloride rami mai saukin kamuwa
Bakin Karfe Super Duplex (Madaidaicin Juriya - PRE> 40)
Ribobi:
Babban ƙarfi yana nufin ƙaramin diamita, nauyi mai nauyi don shigarwa da rataya.
Babban juriya ga lalata lalatawar danniya a cikin mahallin chloride (juriya juriya daidai> 40) yana nufin babu shafi ko CP da ake buƙata.
Tsarin extrusion yana nufin babu wahala-zuwa-binciken kabu welds.
Fursunoni:
Inter-metallic zamani (sigma) samuwar lokacin yi da walda dole ne a sarrafa.
Mafi tsada, mafi tsayin lokacin gubar na karafa da ake amfani da su don bututun cibiya
Zinc mai rufi carbon karfe (ZCCS)
Ribobi:
Ƙananan farashi dangane da SDSS
Cancanci don sabis mai ƙarfi
Fursunoni:
Kabu mai walda
Ƙananan juriya na lalata na ciki fiye da 19D
Mai nauyi da babban diamita idan aka kwatanta da SDSS
Ayyukan cibi
Sabbin shigar cibi yawanci suna da ruwan ajiya a cikinsu.Ana buƙatar fitar da ruwan ajiyar kayan da samfuran da aka nufa kafin a yi amfani da su don samarwa.Dole ne a kula don gano yuwuwar matsalolin rashin jituwa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da hazo da haifar da toshe bututun cibiya.Ana buƙatar ingantaccen ruwa mai ɗaukar hoto idan ana sa ran rashin jituwa.Misali, don ƙaddamar da layin mai hana asphaltene, ana buƙatar sauran ƙarfi kamar EGMBE don samar da buffer tsakanin mai hana asphaltene da ruwan ajiya tunda yawanci basu dace ba.