Valve Safety Subsurface Mai Sarrafa (SCSSV)

Layin Sarrafa

Layin hydraulic ƙaramin diamita da aka yi amfani da shi don yin aiki da kayan aikin ƙarewar ƙasa kamar bawul ɗin aminci na ƙasa mai sarrafa ƙasa (SCSSV).Yawancin tsarin da layin sarrafawa ke aiki akan rashin aminci.A cikin wannan yanayin, layin sarrafawa yana ci gaba da matsa lamba a kowane lokaci.Duk wani ɗigowa ko gazawa yana haifar da asarar matsi na layin sarrafawa, yin aiki don rufe bawul ɗin aminci da ba da lafiya ga rijiyar.

Valve Safety Subsurface Mai Sarrafa (SCSSV)

Bawul ɗin aminci na ƙasa wanda aka sarrafa daga wuraren da ke sama ta hanyar layin sarrafawa wanda aka ɗaure zuwa saman waje na tubing samarwa.Nau'i na asali guda biyu na SCSSV sune gama gari: mai dawo da layin waya, ta yadda za'a iya gudanar da manyan abubuwan aminci-valve akan slickline, da kuma maido da tubing, wanda aka shigar da duka taron aminci-valve tare da igiyar tubing.Tsarin sarrafawa yana aiki a cikin yanayin rashin lafiya, tare da matsa lamba mai sarrafa hydraulic da aka yi amfani da shi don riƙe buɗaɗɗen ball ko taron flapper wanda zai rufe idan an rasa matsa lamba.

Valve Tsaro na Downhole (Dsv)

Na'urar saukar da rami wanda ke keɓance matsa lamba na rijiya da ruwa a cikin lamarin gaggawa ko gazawar kayan aikin saman.Tsarin sarrafawa da ke da alaƙa da bawul ɗin aminci gabaɗaya ana saita su a cikin yanayin rashin lafiya, kamar duk wani katsewa ko rashin aiki na tsarin zai haifar da rufe bawul ɗin aminci don tabbatar da lafiyayyen rijiyar.An saka bawul ɗin aminci na ƙasa a kusan duk rijiyoyi kuma galibi suna ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun majalisu na gida ko na yanki.

Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafawa

Tushen farko da ake samar da ruwan tafki zuwa sama.Ana haɗa igiyoyin samarwa da yawa tare da tubing da abubuwan kammalawa a cikin wani tsari wanda ya dace da yanayin rijiyar da hanyar samarwa.Muhimmin aikin kirtani na samarwa shine don kare tushen tubular rijiyoyin farko, gami da casing da liner, daga lalata ko yashwar ruwan tafki.

Valve Safety Subsurface (Sssv)

Na'urar aminci da aka sanya a cikin rijiyar babba don samar da rufewar gaggawar magudanan ruwa a cikin lamarin gaggawa.Akwai nau'ikan bawul ɗin aminci na ƙasa guda biyu: mai sarrafa ƙasa da sarrafa ƙasa.A cikin kowane hali, an tsara tsarin tsaro-bawul don zama lafiya-lafiya, don haka rijiyar ta keɓe a cikin yanayin rashin gazawar tsarin ko lalacewa ga wuraren samar da kayan aiki.

Matsi:Ƙarfin da aka rarraba a saman ƙasa, yawanci ana auna shi da ƙarfin fam kowace inci murabba'i, ko lbf/in2, ko psi, a cikin rukunin filayen mai na Amurka.Naúrar awo don ƙarfi shine pascal (Pa), da bambance-bambancen sa: megapascal (MPa) da kilopascal (kPa).

Bututun samarwa

Tubular rijiya da ake amfani da ita don samar da ruwan tafki.Ana haɗa bututun samarwa tare da sauran abubuwan da aka gama don yin kirtani samarwa.Bututun samarwa da aka zaɓa don kowane kammala ya kamata ya dace da ma'aunin lissafi na rijiya, halayen samar da tafki da ruwan tafki.

Casing

An saukar da bututu mai girman diamita zuwa cikin buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen siminti a wurin.Dole ne mai zanen rijiyar ya tsara abin da zai iya jure dakaru iri-iri, kamar rugujewa, fashewa, da gazawa, da kuma sinadarai masu wuce gona da iri.Yawancin mahaɗin casing ana ƙirƙira su ne da zaren namiji a kowane ƙarshensa, kuma ana amfani da naɗaɗɗen casing na ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da zaren mata don haɗa mahaɗin ɗaya ɗaya na casing tare, ko kuma ana iya ƙirƙira mahaɗin casing da zaren namiji a ƙarshen ɗaya da zaren mace a kan gadon. sauran.Ana gudanar da juzu'i don kare tsarin ruwa mai daɗi, keɓance yankin da aka rasa, ko keɓe tsarin tare da maɓalli daban-daban.Aikin da ake saka kwanon rufin a cikin rijiyar ana kiranta da "Runing pipe."Casing yawanci ana kera shi daga bakin karfen carbon wanda aka yi masa zafi zuwa nau'in ƙarfi daban-daban amma ana iya keɓance shi da bakin karfe, aluminum, titanium, fiberglass, da sauran kayan.

Packer Production:Na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita don keɓance annulus da anga ko amintaccen ƙasan igiyar tub ɗin samarwa.Akwai kewayon ƙirar kayan aikin samarwa don dacewa da lissafin rijiyar rijiya da halayen samar da ruwan tafki.

Kunshin Ruwa:Nau'in fakitin da aka yi amfani da shi galibi a aikace-aikacen samarwa.Ana saita fakitin hydraulic yawanci ta amfani da matsa lamba na hydraulic da ake amfani da shi ta igiyar tubing maimakon ƙarfin injin da ake amfani da shi ta hanyar sarrafa igiyoyin tubing.

Sealbore Packer

Nau'in fakitin samarwa wanda ya haɗa da shinge mai shinge wanda ke karɓar taron hatimin da aka dace zuwa kasan bututun samarwa.Ana saita fakitin sealbore akai-akai akan layin waya don ba da damar daidaitaccen zurfin daidaituwa.Don aikace-aikacen da ake tsammanin babban motsi na tubing, kamar yadda zai iya zama saboda haɓakawar thermal, mai ɗaukar hoto da hatimin hatimi suna aiki azaman haɗin gwiwa na zamewa.

Haɗin Case:Tsawon bututun ƙarfe, gabaɗaya kusan 40-ft [13-m] tsayi tare da haɗin zaren a kowane ƙarshen.An haɗa haɗin ginin casing don samar da igiyar casing na daidai tsayi da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun rijiyar da aka shigar da ita.

Matsayin Casing

Tsarin ganowa da rarraba ƙarfin kayan casing.Tunda yawancin casing na filin mai kusan sinadarai iri ɗaya ne (yawanci ƙarfe) kuma ya bambanta kawai a cikin maganin zafin da ake amfani da shi, tsarin ƙididdigewa yana ba da daidaitattun ƙarfin casing da za a kera da amfani da su a cikin rijiyoyin rijiya.Kashi na farko na nomenclature, wasiƙa, yana nufin ƙarfin ƙarfi.Sashi na biyu na ƙididdigewa, lamba, yana nufin ƙaramin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfe (bayan maganin zafi) a 1,000 psi [6895 KPa].Misali, matakin casing J-55 yana da mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin amfanin gona na 55,000 psi [379,211 KPa].Matsayin casing P-110 yana tsara bututun ƙarfi mafi girma tare da ƙaramin ƙarfin amfanin ƙasa na 110,000 psi [758,422 KPa].Makin casing ɗin da ya dace don kowane aikace-aikacen yawanci ya dogara ne akan matsi da buƙatun lalata.Tun da mai zanen rijiyar ya damu game da samar da bututu a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na lodi, ƙimar casing shine lambar da ake amfani da ita a yawancin ƙididdiga.Kayan riguna masu ƙarfi sun fi tsada, don haka igiyar casing na iya haɗa maki biyu ko fiye don haɓaka farashi yayin da ake ci gaba da aikin injina sama da tsawon kirtani.Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa, gabaɗaya, mafi girman ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa, mafi sauƙin shigar da casing shine sulfide fashewar damuwa (H2S-induced cracking).Don haka, idan ana tsammanin H2S, mai zanen rijiyar bazai iya amfani da tubulars da ƙarfi gwargwadon yadda yake so ko ita.

Haɗuwa: Fuskar karyewa, tsagewa ko rarrabuwa a cikin dutse wanda babu wani motsi mai kama da ma'anar jirgin sama.Amfani da wasu mawallafa na iya zama ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai: Lokacin da bangon karye ya koma daidai da juna kawai, ana kiran karaya haɗin gwiwa.

Slip Joint: Haɗin kai na telescoping a saman a cikin ayyukan yin iyo a cikin teku wanda ke ba da izinin hawan jirgin ruwa (motsi a tsaye) yayin da yake riƙe da bututu mai tashi zuwa bakin teku.Yayin da jirgin ya yi sama, zamewar haɗin gwiwar talescopes a ciki ko waje da adadin daidai da haka ta yadda motsin jirgin ruwa bai shafe shi ba.

Waya: Mai alaƙa da kowane bangare na shiga da ke amfani da kebul na lantarki don rage kayan aiki cikin rijiyar burtsatse da watsa bayanai.Shigar layin waya ya bambanta da ma'auni-lokacin-hakowa (MWD) da saren laka.

Drilling Riser: Babban bututu mai diamita wanda ke haɗa tarin BOP na karkashin teku zuwa na'urar da ke iyo don ɗaukar laka ta dawo saman.Idan ba tare da mai tashi ba, laka kawai za ta zube daga saman tulun akan benen teku.Ana iya la'akari da mai tashi a hankali a matsayin tsawo na wucin gadi na rijiyar zuwa saman.

BOP

Babban bawul a saman rijiya wanda za'a iya rufe shi idan ma'aikatan hakowa sun rasa ikon sarrafa ruwa.Ta hanyar rufe wannan bawul (yawanci ana sarrafa shi daga nesa ta hanyar na'ura mai aiki da ruwa), ma'aikatan aikin hakowa yawanci suna sake samun ikon sarrafa tafki, sannan ana iya fara hanyoyin da za a ƙara yawan laka har sai an sami damar buɗe BOP da riƙe ikon sarrafa matsi.

BOPs sun zo cikin salo iri-iri, girma, da ƙimar matsa lamba.

Wasu na iya rufewa sosai akan buɗaɗɗen rijiya.

Wasu an ƙera su don rufe abubuwan haɗin tubular a cikin rijiyar (bututu, casing, ko tubing).

Wasu kuma an saka su da taurare mai tsauri na karfe waɗanda za su iya yanke ta cikin bututun mai.

Saboda BOPs suna da mahimmanci ga amincin ma'aikatan jirgin, rig, da rijiyar kanta, BOPs ana dubawa, gwadawa, da kuma gyara su a lokaci na yau da kullum da aka ƙaddara ta hanyar haɗakar haɗarin haɗari, aikin gida, nau'in rijiyar, da bukatun doka.Gwaje-gwajen BOP sun bambanta daga gwajin aikin yau da kullun akan rijiyoyi masu mahimmanci zuwa gwaji kowane wata ko ƙasa da ƙasa akan rijiyoyin da ake tunanin suna da ƙarancin yuwuwar matsalar sarrafa rijiyar.

Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfi da ake bukata don cire wani abu dabam.

Haihuwa: Adadin da buhu ɗaya na busassun siminti ke sha bayan haɗe da ruwa da ƙari don samar da slurry na yawan da ake so.Ana bayyana yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin raka'o'in Amurka azaman cubic ƙafa kowane buhu (ft3/sk).

Sulfide Stress Cracking

Wani nau'in gazawar kwatsam a cikin karafa da sauran allurai masu ƙarfi lokacin da suke cikin hulɗa da danshi hydrogen sulfide da sauran mahalli na sulfidic.Haɗin kayan aiki, ɓangarorin tauraruwar masu hana busawa da datsa bawul suna da sauƙi musamman.Saboda wannan dalili, tare da haɗarin guba na iskar hydrogen sulfide, yana da mahimmanci cewa laka ta ruwa gaba ɗaya ba ta da sulfide mai narkewa kuma musamman hydrogen sulfide a ƙaramin pH.Sulfide danniya cracking kuma ana kiransa hydrogen sulfide cracking, sulfide cracking, sulfide lalata fatattaka da sulfide danniya-lalata cracking.Bambancin sunan yana faruwa ne saboda rashin yarjejeniya a cikin tsarin gazawar.Wasu masu bincike sunyi la'akari da sulfide-stress fashe wani nau'in fashewar damuwa-lalata, yayin da wasu suna la'akari da shi nau'i na nau'in hydrogen embrittlement.

Hydrogen sulfide

[H2S] Gas mai guba mai ban mamaki tare da tsarin kwayoyin H2S.A ƙananan ƙira, H2S yana da ƙanshin ruɓaɓɓen ƙwai, amma a mafi girma, yawan ƙwayar cuta, ba shi da wari.H2S yana da haɗari ga ma'aikata kuma ƴan daƙiƙa kaɗan na fallasa a ƙananan ƙira na iya zama mai kisa, amma fallasa zuwa ƙananan taro na iya zama cutarwa.Tasirin H2S ya dogara ne akan tsawon lokaci, mita da ƙarfin bayyanarwa da kuma raunin mutum.Hydrogen sulfide babban haɗari ne kuma mai yuwuwar haɗari, don haka wayar da kan jama'a, ganowa da sa ido kan H2S yana da mahimmanci.Tunda iskar hydrogen sulfide ya kasance a cikin wasu sassan ƙasa, hakowa da sauran ma'aikatan aikin dole ne a shirya don amfani da kayan ganowa, kayan kariya na sirri, horon da ya dace da hanyoyin da za'a bi a cikin wuraren da ke da H2S.Ana samar da sulfide na hydrogen a lokacin ruɓar kwayoyin halitta kuma yana faruwa tare da hydrocarbons a wasu wurare.Yana shiga cikin laka mai hakowa daga tsarin ƙasa kuma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage sulfate a cikin laka da aka adana.H2S na iya haifar da sulfide-danniya-lalacewar karafa.Saboda yana da lalata, samar da H2S na iya buƙatar kayan samarwa na musamman masu tsada kamar bututun ƙarfe.Sulfides na iya haɗewa ba tare da lahani ba daga laka na ruwa ko laka mai ta hanyar jiyya tare da madaidaicin sulfide scavenger.H2S acid ne mai rauni, yana ba da gudummawar ions hydrogen guda biyu a cikin halayen neutralization, samar da HS- da S-2 ions.A cikin ruwa ko laka na tushen ruwa, nau'in sulfide guda uku, H2S da HS- da S-2 ions, suna cikin ma'auni mai ƙarfi da ruwa da H+ da OH- ions.Rarraba kashi tsakanin nau'in sulfide guda uku ya dogara da pH.H2S yana da rinjaye a ƙananan pH, HS-ion shine rinjaye a tsaka-tsakin pH da S2 ions sun mamaye babban pH.A cikin wannan yanayin ma'auni, ions sulfide suna komawa H2S idan pH ta faɗi.Sulfides a cikin laka na ruwa da laka mai ana iya auna su da yawa tare da Train Gas na Garrett bisa ga hanyoyin da API ya tsara.

Zaren Casing

Tsawon haɗe-haɗe na bututun ƙarfe wanda aka saita don dacewa da takamaiman rijiyar rijiya.An haɗa sassan bututu kuma an saukar da su cikin rijiyar rijiya, sannan a sanya siminti a wuri.Rukunin bututu yawanci tsayin su ya kai ƙafa 40 (mita 12), ana zaren namiji a kowane ƙarshen kuma an haɗa shi da ɗan gajeren tsayin bututun zaren mata biyu da ake kira couplings.Dogayen igiyoyin murfi na iya buƙatar kayan ƙarfi mafi girma akan ɓangaren sama na kirtani don jure nauyin kirtani.Za a iya haɗa ƙananan sassan igiyar tare da murfi na kaurin bango mafi girma don jure matsananciyar matsi mai yiwuwa a zurfin.Ana gudanar da juzu'i don karewa ko keɓe abubuwan da ke kusa da rijiyar.